Psychology

Psychology as a scientific discipline aims to describe, understand, and predict the behavior of living organisms. In doing so, psychology embraces the many factors that influence behavior — from sensory experience to complex cognition, from the role of genetics to that of social and cultural environments, from the processes that explain behavior in early childhood to those that operate in older ages, and from normal development to pathological conditions. The Psychology Department at UC Berkeley reflects the diversity of our discipline's mission covering six key areas of research: Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience; Clinical Science; Cognition; Cognitive Neuroscience; Developmental, and Social-Personality Psychology. Despite the existence of these specialization areas, the program learning goals focus on fostering methodological, statistical, and critical thinking skills that are not tied to any one particular content area in psychology but are relevant for all of them.

The major serves three purposes:

1. For the liberal arts student, the study of psychology provides an avenue for increased self-understanding and insight into the behavior of others. The objective study of behavior is one of the major themes of intellectual history in the last hundred-plus years.
2. For students preparing for training in such professions as medicine, law, education and business, psychology provides important basic knowledge and principles.
3. For students who plan on pursuing graduate work in psychology, the undergraduate major seeks to establish a sound foundation of research principles and knowledge of a variety of content areas.

Declaring the Major

Effective Summer 2024, to declare the Psychology major, students must meet the following requirements: grades/GPA, prerequisite courses completion, and apply within their eligibility window.

• Complete all prerequisite courses as outlined in Tier I Prerequisites with a letter grade
• Maintain a minimum 2.0 average GPA in the prerequisite courses
• Approved program plan documenting intended completion of the major within the standard upper division 2-year window
• Brief writing sample demonstrating persistence of goals towards major and future plans with Psychology

The window of eligibility differs for students who enter as First-Years and students who enter as Transfers.

• First-Year students must declare the psychology major before the start of 5th semester or 60 units.
• Transfer students must declare the Psychology major before the start of the 2nd semester prior to the accumulation of 80 units (transfer).

Special Note Concerning Students Admitted to UC Berkeley in Fall 2023 through Spring 2025 as a First-Year Admit:

Students who selected Psychology on their UC Berkeley admission application and were admitted to the College of Letters and Science with a guaranteed spot in the major, should follow the High Demand Major declaration guidelines:

• Complete all prerequisite courses with a letter grade as outlined in Tier I Prerequisites with a letter grade
• Maintain a minimum 2.0 average GPA in the prerequisite courses

A program and writing sample are not required for major declaration. It is strongly recommended that these students declare prior to the start of 5th semester or the accumulation of 60 units.

Honors Program

Declared Psychology major students may earn Honors or Highest Honors in the department for completion of the Psychology Honors program. This requires submission of a thesis of high quality, based upon independent study under the supervision of a member of the Psychology Department's faculty, satisfactory completion of the required courses, and attaining the requisite GPAs at the time of graduation (3.5 in the Psychology major and 3.3 overall).

Students are required to complete the following courses, none of which count toward major requirements:

• UGIS 192B or PSYCH 199 Students applying to the honors program must have experience as a research apprentice in a Psychology lab or in a related field. To demonstrate this preparation, students must have a minimum of 2 units of UGIS 192 or Psych 199 on their transcript prior to applying for the honors program. It is recommended that students begin as a research assistant in their sophomore or junior year.
• PSYCH 102 Statistics for Psychological Research is a 3 unit upper division course that is designed to introduce students to the data analysis techniques researchers use in the field of psychology. This course is only offered in fall and may be taken as early as the junior year. A letter grade is required.
• PSYCH H194A / PSYCH H194B Honors students are required to concurrently enroll in Psychology H194A-B (2 units per semester), the honors seminar, in their senior year. This course provides excellent supplemental background and support for preparing the thesis. A letter grade is required.
• PSYCH H195A / PSYCH H195B Psychology H195A-B is offered for 1-3 units per semester and is mandatory in order to receive honors in the major. The course is sequential with a grade of In Progress or “IP” for the "A" portion and the final grade, a letter grade required, assigned for both semesters at the end of the "B" portion.

Post-Baccalaureate Certificate Program

The UC Berkeley, Department of Psychology’s Post-Baccalaureate Certificate Program is a comprehensive retraining and immersion program for students interested in applying to graduate school in psychology. The program features intensive coursework to complete a psychology undergraduate major in three or four semesters, research opportunities with our world-class faculty, in-depth advising and a supportive community. If you are inspired to enter the field of psychology, switching focus from a previous major, or changing careers, the UC Berkeley Post Bac program may be your path to success.

Minor Programs

There are two Summer Minor programs offered through Psychology. The Clinical & Counseling Psychology summer minor allows students to explore the diverse career paths of clinical and counseling psychology. The Developing Child summer minor is offered in partnership with Early Development & Learning Science (ED&LS) at the Institute of Human Development.

Major Requirements

In addition to the University, campus, and college requirements, listed on the College Requirements tab, students must fulfill the below requirements specific to their major program.

General Guidelines

1. All courses taken to fulfill the major requirements below must be taken for graded credit. Please refer to our Major Requirements website for more information on our COVID-19 Pass/No Pass grading policies for classes taken during the remote learning period.
2. No more than one upper division course may be used to simultaneously fulfill requirements for a student's minor program.
3. No more than two upper division courses may be used to simultaneously fulfill the double major requirements or simultaneous degree programs.
4. A minimum grade point average (GPA) of 2.0 must be maintained in both upper and lower division courses used to fulfill the major requirements for the college and university requirements.

For information regarding residence requirements and unit requirements, please see the College Requirements tab.

**Please contact the Student Services offices or make an appointment with your Student Services advisor for any questions related to these requirements.**

Lower Division/Tier I Prerequisites

Students must complete five prerequisite courses in the following areas: General Psychology, Biological Science, Social Science, and two Quantitative Reasoning courses (including the required PSYCH 101 course). ALL courses taken for the major (both lower division prerequisites and upper division requirements) must be taken for a letter grade . *

* The only exception is that a student may use a maximum of one qualifying AP or IBHL exam for one of the following major prerequisite areas: General Psychology, Biological Sciences, or Social Science. If you take more than one AP or IBHL exam you must choose only one to use for the major prerequisites. All other requirements must be satisfied with letter-graded. courses

Transfer students and UC Berkeley students who wish to complete prerequisites at community colleges should consult assist.org for further information about the appropriate transferable coursework.

Upper Division/Tier II Requirements

Students must take at least 8 upper division courses according to the guidelines below.

Upper Division Electives/Tier III

• Select three courses from upper-division PSYCH courses numbered 104-182. Each course must be at least 3.0 units.
• Any excess Tier II survey courses will count towards Tier III.
• Psych 149, Psych 149A, Psych 149B, Psych 149C, and Psych 149D DO NOT COUNT for the major requirements.

Additional information regarding upper division Psychology course requirements:

PSYCH 102, H194A/B, H195A/B, 197, 198, and 199 do not count toward the coursework requirement although students are encouraged to become involved in research.

Students may use up to two approved upper division courses outside the department to satisfy these requirements, approved study abroad courses count towards this limit. A list of pre-approved study abroad courses can be found on the Study Abroad Psychology website. See the Courses Accepted from Outside the Psychology Department section listed on the Enrollment & Course Information website for pre-approved courses.

The following is a list of previously approved courses:

Summer Minor Requirements

There are two Summer Minor programs offered through the Department of Psychology: the "Clinical & Counseling" and "The Developing Child" minors.

Minor Requirements

Summer minors must be declared prior to the first day of classes of your Expected Graduation Term (EGT). If your EGT is a summer term, a minor must be declared before the first day of classes of Summer Session A.

Clinical & Counseling Psychology

The Clinical & Counseling minor (or certificate) consists of 5 courses, and a total of 15 upper division units, including two core courses and three electives. While not explicitly required as part of the minor, our expectation is that students will have taken a General Psychology or Introduction to Psychology course before enrolling in the minor. Please email psychminor@berkeley.edu with any questions or visit the program website for more information and to apply.

Required Coursework

Learning Outcomes

The Clinical & Counseling Psychology minor allows students to explore the diverse career paths of clinical and counseling psychology. The curriculum focuses on basic psycho-biological and sociocultural mechanisms (e.g., neurobiology, social relationships, culture/race/ethnicity) that underlie common mental health problems across the life span. It also provides an overview of major theories and issues/debates in applied mental health professions across different practice settings (e.g., schools, independent practice, hospitals, and industry).

The Developing Child

The Developing Child minor is offered through the Department of Psychology in partnership with Early Development & Learning Science (ED&LS) at the Institute of Human Development. It is an interdisciplinary, developmental science Summer Minor and Certificate program, focused on children from the prenatal period to age 8. Integrating research, practice, and policy with problem-solving and implementation skills for the real world, the innovative coursework and practicum compliments many areas of study. The program helps students develop an interdisciplinary approach to understanding child development in a variety of contexts.

The minor is available to enrolled undergraduate UC Berkeley students. The certificate is available to all. Both require a Declaration of Minor/Certificate Form to be submitted and must be completed in one or two summers. All coursework is taught in English and requires complex discussion and problem-solving. Please e mail edls@berkeley.edu with any questions or visit the program website for more information and to apply.

Required Coursework

The Developing Child consists of five core, required 3-unit courses:

Learning Goals

Upon completion of the Developing Child Summer Minor and Certificate, students will:

1. Understand the theoretical bases and empirical science of early development and learning, from prenatal to age 8;
2. Examine the interaction of biological, psychological, and socio-culture mechanisms that shape young children's health, development, and learning;
3. Develop an interdisciplinary and scholarly approach to research, practice, and policy issues across early development and learning science domains;
4. Learn how to apply developmental science for positive impact in the lives of young children and their families;
5. Learn how to apply developmental science for positive impact in the lives of young children and their families;
6. Understand how to establish and foster effective partnerships with families, schools, organizations, and communities, at local, state, national, and international levels to create more responsive systems to serve diverse young children and their families.

College Requirements

Undergraduate students must fulfill the following requirements in addition to those required by their major program.

For a detailed lists of L&S requirements, please see Overview tab to the right in this guide or visit the L&S Degree Requirements webpage. For College advising appointments, please visit the L&S Advising Pages.

University of California Requirements

Entry Level Writing

All students who will enter the University of California as freshmen must demonstrate their command of the English language by fulfilling the Entry Level Writing requirement. Fulfillment of this requirement is also a prerequisite to enrollment in all reading and composition courses at UC Berkeley and must be taken for a letter grade.

American History and American Institutions

The American History and American Institutions requirements are based on the principle that all U.S. residents who have graduated from an American university should have an understanding of the history and governmental institutions of the United States.

Berkeley Campus Requirement

American Cultures

All undergraduate students at Cal need to take and pass this campus requirement course in order to graduate. The requirement offers an exciting intellectual environment centered on the study of race, ethnicity and culture of the United States. AC courses are plentiful and offer students opportunities to be part of research-led, highly accomplished teaching environments, grappling with the complexity of American Culture.

College of Letters & Science Essential Skills Requirements

Quantitative Reasoning

The Quantitative Reasoning requirement is designed to ensure that students graduate with basic understanding and competency in math, statistics, or computer/data science. The requirement may be satisfied by exam or by taking an approved course taken for a letter grade.

Foreign Language

The Foreign Language requirement may be satisfied by demonstrating proficiency in reading comprehension, writing, and conversation in a foreign language equivalent to the second semester college level, either by passing an exam or by completing approved course work taken for a letter grade.

Reading and Composit ion

In order to provide a solid foundation in reading, writing, and critical thinking the College of Letters and Science requires two semesters of lower division work in composition in sequence. Students must complete parts A & B reading and composition courses in sequential order by the end of their fourth semester for a letter grade.

College of Letters & Science 7 Course Breadth Requirements

Breadth Requirements

The undergraduate breadth requirements provide Berkeley students with a rich and varied educational experience outside of their major program. As the foundation of a liberal arts education, breadth courses give students a view into the intellectual life of the University while introducing them to a multitude of perspectives and approaches to research and scholarship. Engaging students in new disciplines and with peers from other majors, the breadth experience strengthens interdisciplinary connections and context that prepares Berkeley graduates to understand and solve the complex issues of their day.

Unit Requirements

• 120 total units
• Of the 120 units, 36 must be upper division units
• Of the 36 upper division units, 6 must be taken in courses offered outside your major department

Residence Requirements

For units to be considered in "residence," you must be registered in courses on the Berkeley campus as a student in the College of Letters & Science. Most students automatically fulfill the residence requirement by attending classes at Cal for four years, or two years for transfer students. In general, there is no need to be concerned about this requirement, unless you graduate early, go abroad for a semester or year, or want to take courses at another institution or through UC Extension during your senior year. In these cases, you should make an appointment to meet an L&S College adviser to determine how you can meet the Senior Residence Requirement.

Note: Courses taken through UC Extension do not count toward residence.

Senior Residence Requirement

After you become a senior (with 90 semester units earned toward your B.A. degree), you must complete at least 24 of the remaining 30 units in residence in at least two semesters. To count as residence, a semester must consist of at least 6 passed units. Intercampus Visitor, EAP, and UC Berkeley-Washington Program (UCDC) units are excluded.

You may use a Berkeley Summer Session to satisfy one semester of the Senior Residence requirement, provided that you successfully complete 6 units of course work in the Summer Session and that you have been enrolled previously in the college.

Modified Senior Residence Requirement

Participants in the UC Education Abroad Program (EAP), Berkeley Summer Abroad, or the UC Berkeley Washington Program (UCDC) may meet a Modified Senior Residence requirement by completing 24 (excluding EAP) of their final 60 semester units in residence. At least 12 of these 24 units must be completed after you have completed 90 units.

Upper Division Residence Requirement

You must complete in residence a minimum of 18 units of upper division courses (excluding UCEAP units), 12 of which must satisfy the requirements for your major.

Plan of Study

Students are strongly advised to work with an academic advisor to determine a personal program plan. Each program plan will differ depending on previous credit received, course schedules, and available offerings. To see one sample program plan, visit the Psychology undergraduate program planning webpage .

Students are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the Psychology major requirements before making a program plan. For more detailed information about specific requirements, see the College Requirements and Major Requirements tabs.

Course offerings are subject to change every semester and there are multiple course options that can satisfy many of the requirements. Students must check the Online Schedule of Classes for the most up-to-date course offerings that will satisfy a particular requirement.

Student Learning Goals

Mission

The Psychology Department at Berkeley reflects the diversity of the discipline's mission covering six key areas of research: Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience; Clinical Science; Cognition; Cognitive Neuroscience; Developmental, and Social-Personality Psychology. Despite the existence of these specialization areas, the program learning goals focus on fostering methodological, statistical, and critical thinking skills that are not tied to any one particular content area in psychology but are relevant for all of them.

Most of the program level goals are introduced in PSYCH 1 These goals are extended and reinforced in a majority of the core courses. These include PSYCH 101 , required of all majors, and the upper division Tier II courses that survey the major fields of psychology. The program is designed to ensure that all students gain broad exposure to the field of psychology. In addition, students are able to develop a deeper understanding of at least one major content area in psychology.

Learning Goals for the Major

1. Understand basic concepts that characterize psychology as a field of scientific inquiry, and appreciate the various subfields that form the discipline as well as things that differentiate it from other related disciplines
2. Develop an understanding of the central questions/issues in contemporary psychology as well as a historical perspective of psychological theories and key empirical data
3. Develop a thorough understanding of one of the major content areas of psychology (i.e., Social/Personality, Developmental, Clinical, Cognitive, Biological)
4. Develop skills to critically evaluate the presentation of scientific ideas and research in original scientific papers as well as in the popular media.
5. Become familiar with research methods used in psychological research, and become proficient in basic concepts of statistical analyses and familiar with more advanced methods in data analyses and modeling
6. Learn to develop, articulate, and communicate, both orally and in written form, a testable hypothesis, or an argument drawing from an existing body of literature.
7. Apply a psychological principle to an everyday problem, or take an everyday problem and identify the relevant psychological mechanisms/issues

Major Map

Major maps are experience maps that help undergraduates plan their Berkeley journey based on intended major or field of interest. Featuring student opportunities and resources from your college and department as well as across campus, each map includes curated suggestions for planning your studies, engaging outside the classroom, and pursuing your career goals in a timeline format.

Use the major map below to explore potential paths and design your own unique undergraduate experience:

Courses

Psychology

PSYCH 1 General Psychology 3 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2024, Summer 2024 First 6 Week Session, Summer 2024 Second 6 Week Session
Introduction to the principal areas, problems, and concepts of psychology. This course is required for the major; students not considering a psychology major are directed to 2.
General Psychology: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Credit Restrictions: Students will receive no credit for PSYCH 1 after completing PSYCH 2, PSYCH W1, or PSYCH N1. A deficient grade in PSYCH 1 may be removed by taking PSYCH N1.

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit under special circumstances: When receiving a failing grade in this course or a course equivalent (i.e. Psych N1).

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2-3 hours of lecture and 1-0 hours of discussion per week

Summer:
6 weeks - 5 hours of lecture and 2.5 hours of discussion per week
6 weeks - 7.5 hours of lecture and 0 hours of discussion per week
8 weeks - 4-6 hours of lecture and 2-0 hours of discussion per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Alternate method of final assessment during regularly scheduled final exam group (e.g., presentation, final project, etc.).

PSYCH N1 General Psychology 3 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2020 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2019 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2018 Second 6 Week Session
Introduction to the principal areas, problems, and concepts of psychology. This course is required for the major; students not considering a psychology major are directed to 2.
General Psychology: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Students who have passed Psych 1, Psych W1, or Psych 2 may not enroll in Psych N1

Credit Restrictions: Student receives a failing grade in PSYCH N1 and is eligible to take PSYCH 1 or PSYCH W1 in order to remove the deficient grade in lieu of repeating PSYCH N1. Students will not receive credit for Psych 1, Psych W1, or Psych N1 after completing Psych 2.

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit under special circumstances: When students receive a failing grade, they MAY repeat this or a course equivalent (Psych 1 or W1).

Hours & Format

Summer: 6 weeks - 7.5 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH W1 General Psychology 3 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2022 8 Week Session, Spring 2022, Fall 2021
Introduction to the principal areas, problems, and concepts of psychology.
General Psychology: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Students who have passed Psych 1, Psych N1, or Psych 2 may not enroll in Psych W1

Credit Restrictions: Student receives a failing grade in PSYCH W1 and is eligible to take PSYCH 1 or PSYCH N1 in order to remove the deficient grade in lieu of repeating PSYCH W1. Students will not receive credit for Psych 1, Psych W1, or Psych N1 after completing Psych 2.

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit under special circumstances: When receiving a failing grade in this course or a course equivalent (i.e. Psych 1 or N1).

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 3 hours of web-based lecture per week

Summer: 8 weeks - 6 hours of web-based lecture per week

Online: This is an online course.

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

Instructor: Kihlstrom

PSYCH 2 Principles of Psychology 3 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2023, Spring 2023, Fall 2022
An overview of psychology for students who will not major in the field. This course satisfies the prerequisite for upper division decade courses.
Principles of Psychology: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Students who have passed Psych 1, Psych N1, or Psych W1 may not enroll in Psych 2

Credit Restrictions: Students will not receive credit for Psych 2 after completing Psych 1, Psych W1, or Psych N1.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 3 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 3 Introduction to How the Brain Works 1 Unit

Terms offered: Summer 2024 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2022 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2021 Second 6 Week Session
This course will give a rigorous yet accessible overview of our current understanding of how the brain works and how it is altered by experience. Specifically, the class provides: an introduction to the structure and function of the sensory and motor systems; discussions of disorders and phenomena such as blindsight, synaesthesia, color blindness, and phantom limbs; and a lecture with presentation of classical experiments on the capacity of the young and adult brain for plasticity and learning.
Introduction to How the Brain Works: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: A year of college-level general biology for majors

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 1 hour of lecture per week

Summer: 6 weeks - 3 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 4 Emotional Intelligence 2 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2024 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2023 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2022 Second 6 Week Session
This course will examine research on emotional intelligence and techniques for developing emotional intelligence. We will discuss various components of emotional intelligence, including the ability to identity and manage one’s emotions, successfully motivate oneself to achieve one’s goals, read other people’s emotions accurately, and use emotions to navigate social relationships effectively. Material will be taken from social psychology, clinical psychology, and cognitive neuroscience.
Emotional Intelligence: Read More [+]

Hours & Format

Summer: 6 weeks - 5 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 5 Technology vs. Psychology: The Internet Revolution and the Rise of the Virtual Self 2 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2024 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2022 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2021 Second 6 Week Session
Most people have an online alter ego that is stronger and sexier but also angrier, more impulsive, and less ethical. These traits can become incorporated into offline personality, turning us into our avatar. Other psychological damage comes from the lack of online privacy and our new relationship with information. But the “Net” effect is not all bad; technology can also contribute to psychological wellbeing and make possible new treatments, including computerized therapy and virtual reality exposure therapy.
Technology vs. Psychology: The Internet Revolution and the Rise of the Virtual Self: Read More [+]

Hours & Format

Summer: 6 weeks - 5 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

Instructor: Aboujaoude

PSYCH 6 Stress and Coping 2 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2024 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2023 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2022 Second 6 Week Session
This course is designed to provide students with an in-depth analysis of the various areas within the field of psychology that address topics related to stress and coping. In particular, we will cover the biological, social, personality, cognitive, and clinical factors that play a role in the development of stress and subsequent coping techniques that can be used to deal with stress. The class will have a strong focus on the empirical findings relating to the subject.
Stress and Coping: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Psychology 1, N1, W1, 2, or equivalent

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2 hours of lecture per week

Summer: 6 weeks - 5 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 7 The Person in Big Data 2 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2022 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2021 Second 6 Week Session, Summer 2019 Second 6 Week Session
This course will introduce students to the basic principles and methods of personality and social psychology as applied to a rapidly growing topic of modern society--the collection and analysis of online social “big data.” Students will learn about the ways in which big data has historically been defined, collected, and utilized, as well as fundamental concepts in person perception and social behavior that are relevant to topics of big data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
The Person in Big Data: Read More [+]

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2 hours of lecture per week

Summer: 6 weeks - 5 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 8 Music and the Brain 2 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2015 10 Week Session, Summer 2015 Second 6 Week Session
This course will explore mental processes that allow listeners to perceive music and performers to produce it. We will compare music from various traditions to examine shared cognitive principles and emotional responses; comparisons to language will highlight neural specializations for music. Developmental psychology will inform discussion of learned vs. innate components of musical behavior. Students will design experiments to test hypotheses relating to music cognition.
Music and the Brain: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Psychology 1, N1, W1, 2, or equivalent

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2 hours of lecture per week

Summer: 6 weeks - 5 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 9 Changing Behavior: Lessons from a Dog Trainer 1 Unit

Terms offered: Summer 2017 Second 6 Week Session
In this course, we will examine behavior change – in you, and in those others you wish you could change -- by looking at basic principles that apply across species: operant conditioning, classical conditioning, motivation, stress and development. Animal trainers rely on very specific principles when modifying behavior, and those principles apply to every animal, human and non-human animals alike. Come learn what training animals can tell you about your own life, learning, motivation and habits!
Changing Behavior: Lessons from a Dog Trainer: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Credit Restrictions: Students will receive no credit for Psychology 9 after passing Psychology 126.

Hours & Format

Summer: 6 weeks - 2.5 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

Instructor: Cook

PSYCH 14 Psychology of Gender 3 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2014 10 Week Session, Summer 2014 First 6 Week Session, Summer 2013 First 6 Week Session
Examination of various factors in the development of feminine and masculine roles, including personality, social processes, biology, and culture.
Psychology of Gender: Read More [+]

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 3 hours of lecture per week

Summer: 6 weeks - 7.5 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 18 Contemporary Issues in Organizational Psychology with a Focus on Leadership and Creativity 2 Units

Terms offered: Prior to 2007
This course will explore current questions of industrial and organizational psychology. It will look at the following topics: modern organizational models & its requirements, performance & motivation, job satisfaction & positive psychology, teams in organizations & psychological safety, leadership & corporate culture, special track in creativity and innovation.

Contemporary Issues in Organizational Psychology with a Focus on Leadership and Creativity: Read More [+]

Objectives & Outcomes

Student Learning Outcomes: After the class you should be able to understand and discuss, and consult on current organizational topics.
Since I/O psychology is closely linked to leadership skills, we expect that due to the course you will learn the basic requirements for leading a team in an organization.

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: An introductory psychology course is recommended but not required. The course is for pre-majors considering the field of psychology and are especially interested in teams and leadership as well as creativity

Hours & Format

Summer: 6 weeks - 5-7 hours of lecture per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Alternative to final exam.

PSYCH 22 Neurons in Context 3 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2024
We will introduce the basics of neurobiology while exploring how experience of adversity, enrichment, and other variables can shape brain development and behavior. We will look at scientific data figures and discuss experimentation, data interpretation, and scientific writing.
Basic knowledge will be gained on neurotransmission, mechanisms underlying learning and memory, experience dependent plasticity, stress, gonadal hormones, and psychoactive drugs. Students will become familiar with circuits, cells, synapses, proteins, epigenetics, and genetics.

Neurons in Context: Read More [+]

Objectives & Outcomes

Course Objectives: Gain familiarity with basics of stress and gonadal hormone systems
Gain familiarity with the scientific process and scientific papers
Learn basics of neurobiology and neuroplasticity
Understand how different forms of adversity can have specific effects
Understand how the environment can affect how the brain develops and works

Student Learning Outcomes: Be able to discuss how social policy can be informed by neurobiological data on a basic level
Be able to look at a plot of neurobiology data and interpret an outcome
Be able to write about differences in data metrics and their interpretation
Understand how experience can affect gene expression and neural function
Understand how genetics cannot directly influence behavior without cellular functions

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 3 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

Instructor: Wilbrecht

PSYCH 24 Freshman Seminars 1 Unit

Terms offered: Spring 2024, Fall 2023, Spring 2023
The Berkeley Seminar Program has been designed to provide new students with the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member in a small-seminar setting. Berkeley Seminars are offered in all campus departments, and topics vary from department to department and semester to semester.
Freshman Seminars: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit when topic changes.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring:
7 weeks - 2 hours of seminar per week
15 weeks - 1 hour of seminar per week

Summer: 6 weeks - 2.5 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: The grading option will be decided by the instructor when the class is offered. Final exam required.

PSYCH 39E Freshman/Sophomore Seminar 2 - 4 Units

Terms offered: Spring 2013, Fall 2011, Fall 2010
Freshman and sophomore seminars offer lower division students the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member and a group of peers in a small-seminar setting. These seminars are offered in all campus departments; topics vary from department to department and from semester to semester.
Freshman/Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Priority given to freshmen and sophomores

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit without restriction.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2-4 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: The grading option will be decided by the instructor when the class is offered. Final exam required.

PSYCH 39I Freshman/Sophomore Seminar 2 - 4 Units

Terms offered: Spring 2009
Freshman and sophomore seminars offer lower division students the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member and a group of peers in a small-seminar setting. These seminars are offered in all campus departments; topics vary from department to department and from semester to semester.
Freshman/Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Priority given to freshmen and sophomores

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit without restriction.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2-4 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: The grading option will be decided by the instructor when the class is offered. Final exam required.

PSYCH 39J Freshman/Sophomore Seminar 2 - 4 Units

Terms offered: Spring 2010
Freshman and sophomore seminars offer lower division students the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member and a group of peers in a small-seminar setting. These seminars are offered in all campus departments; topics vary from department to department and from semester to semester.
Freshman/Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Priority given to freshmen and sophomores

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit without restriction.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2-4 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: The grading option will be decided by the instructor when the class is offered. Final exam required.

PSYCH 39K Freshman/Sophomore Seminar 2 - 4 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2010, Spring 2010
Freshman and sophomore seminars offer lower division students the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member and a group of peers in a small-seminar setting. These seminars are offered in all campus departments; topics vary from department to department and from semester to semester.
Freshman/Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Priority given to freshmen and sophomores

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit without restriction.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2-4 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: The grading option will be decided by the instructor when the class is offered. Final exam required.

PSYCH 39L Freshman/Sophomore Seminar 2 - 4 Units

Terms offered: Spring 2010
Freshman and sophomore seminars offer lower division students the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member and a group of peers in a small-seminar setting. These seminars are offered in all campus departments; topics vary from department to department and from semester to semester.
Freshman/Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Priority given to freshmen and sophomores

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit without restriction.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2-4 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: The grading option will be decided by the instructor when the class is offered. Final exam required.

PSYCH 39M Freshman/Sophomore Seminar 2 - 4 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2013, Spring 2013, Spring 2011
Freshman and sophomore seminars offer lower division students the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member and a group of peers in a small-seminar setting. These seminars are offered in all campus departments; topics vary from department to department and from semester to semester.
Freshman/Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Priority given to freshmen and sophomores

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit without restriction.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2-4 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: The grading option will be decided by the instructor when the class is offered. Final exam required.

PSYCH C61 Brain, Mind, and Behavior 3 Units

Terms offered: Spring 2024, Spring 2023, Spring 2022
The human brain is the most complex structure in the known universe. The study of its structure and function and how it figures into our actions and mental experience is among the most exciting projects of modern science. This class begins with molecules and cells, builds up to brains and nervous systems, encompasses neural signaling, sensory perception, memory, language, and emotion, and culminates with the great mystery of how brain processes relate to consciousness and mental experience — that is, how mind may be related to brain. This is a comprehensive introduction to the exciting subject of contemporary neuroscience, open to all interested students.
Brain, Mind, and Behavior: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Credit Restrictions: Students will receive no credit for NEU C61 after completing CHEM C130, MCELLBI N61, MCELLBI 61, MCELLBI W61, MCELLBI 104, MCELLBI 110, MCELLBI 130, MCELLBI 136, MCELLBI 160, or INTEGBI 132.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 3 hours of lecture and 1 hour of discussion per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

Instructor: Presti

Formerly known as: Molecular and Cell Biology C61/Psychology C61

Also listed as: NEU C61

PSYCH 62 The Science and Practice of Happiness 1 Unit

Terms offered: Prior to 2007
In this course, we will tour different approaches to understanding happiness, covering the great thinking from the past millennia found in the humanities and contemplative traditions (e.g., Indigenous traditions, Buddhism, Romanticism) and the recent social biological study of happiness. We will focus topics such as compassion, awe, gratitude, cooperation, forgiveness, narrative, purpose, and resilience. Each topic will include discussion of the wisdom from the humanities (e.g., art, poetry, philosophy), social science and neurophysiology, and a research-tested practice in which students learn to cultivate happiness and the resilience to stress.
The Science and Practice of Happiness: Read More [+]

Objectives & Outcomes

Course Objectives: To come to understand the health and well-being benefits of happiness
To learn about the neurophysiology and evolutionary processes underlying happiness
To learn actionable skills that will enable them to handle stress with more agency and skill
To learn different cultural approaches to the meaningful life

Student Learning Outcomes: To become acquainted with the science of happiness
To learn actionable skills that they can apply in their careers and work after graduation

Rules & Requirements

Credit Restrictions: Students will receive no credit for PSYCH W62 after completing PSYCH 62. A deficient grade in PSYCH W62 may be removed by taking PSYCH 62.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 1-1 hours of lecture and 0-1 hours of discussion per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

Formerly known as: Psychology W62

PSYCH C64 Exploring the Brain: Introduction to Neuroscience 3 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2024 8 Week Session, Summer 2023 8 Week Session, Summer 2022 8 Week Session
This course will introduce lower division undergraduates to the fundamentals of neuroscience. The first part of the course covers basic membrane properties, synapses, action potentials, chemical and electrical synaptic interactions, receptor potentials, and receptor proteins. The second part of the course covers networks in invertebrates, memory and learning behavior, modulation, vertebrate brain and spinal cord, retina, visual cortex architecture, hierarchy, development, and higher cortical centers.
Exploring the Brain: Introduction to Neuroscience: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: High school chemistry or Chemistry 1A; high school biology or Biology 1A. Biology 1AL is not required

Credit Restrictions: Students will receive no credit for NEU C64 after completing NEU C61, MCELLBI 104, CHEM C130, MCELLBI 110, MCELLBI C130, MCELLBI 136, MCELLBI 160, or INTEGBI 132.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2 hours of lecture and 1 hour of discussion per week

Summer: 8 weeks - 4 hours of lecture and 2 hours of discussion per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

Formerly known as: Molecular and Cell Biology C64/Psychology C64

Also listed as: NEU C64

PSYCH 70 Exploring Career Options as a Mental Health Practitioner 2 Units

Terms offered: Summer 2021 Second 6 Week Session
This course is designed for domestic and international undergraduate students who are interested in exploring various careers in mental health practice under the U.S. context. The course will utilize lectures, small group discussions, career assessment tools, online research, panel discussions, informational interviews and readings to help students formulate a future career plan. Students will have opportunities to communicate and network with clinical practitioners, attend professional workshops and events, explore potential graduate school applications and begin to seek educational and internship opportunities.
Exploring Career Options as a Mental Health Practitioner: Read More [+]

Objectives & Outcomes

Course Objectives: Describe various mental health practice career options and job functions.
Identify and discuss social-cultural factors that influence career decision making.
Introduce resources and strategies for career research in becoming a mental health practitioner.
Review career assessment tools and results to increase students’ self-awareness.

Student Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to clarify cultural and family values which often affect career decision making.
Students will be able to conduct research and gather information about career options, graduate schools and internship opportunities in practicing psychology, as well as learn about best practices for building job/internship search skills.
Students will be able to create an action plan including steps that they can take to move forward in their career development and planning.
Students will be able to examine their interests, skills, values and personality preferences related to the world of clinical practice in psychology through career assessment instruments.

Hours & Format

Summer:
3 weeks - 10-4 hours of lecture and 0-6 hours of discussion per week
6 weeks - 5-2 hours of lecture and 0-3 hours of discussion per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Alternate method of final assessment during regularly scheduled final exam group (e.g., presentation, final project, etc.).

PSYCH 84 Sophomore Seminar 1 or 2 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2021, Spring 2005
Sophomore seminars are small interactive courses offered by faculty members in departments all across the campus. Sophomore seminars offer opportunity for close, regular intellectual contact between faculty members and students in the crucial second year. The topics vary from department to department and semester to semester. Enrollment limited to 15 sophomores.
Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: At discretion of instructor

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit when topic changes.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring:
5 weeks - 3-6 hours of seminar per week
10 weeks - 1.5-3 hours of seminar per week
15 weeks - 1-2 hours of seminar per week

Summer:
6 weeks - 2.5-5 hours of seminar per week
8 weeks - 2-4 hours of seminar per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: The grading option will be decided by the instructor when the class is offered. Final Exam To be decided by the instructor when the class is offered.

PSYCH 88 Data Science for Cognitive Neuroscience 3 Units

Terms offered: Spring 2018
The human brain is a complex information processing system and is currently the topic of multiple fascinating branches of research. Understanding how it works is a very challenging scientific task. In recent decades, multiple techniques for imaging the activity of the brain at work have been invented, which has allowed the field of cognitive neuroscience to flourish. Cognitive neuroscience is concerned with studying the neural mechanisms underlying various aspects of cognition, by relating the activity in the brain to the tasks being performed by it. This typically requires exciting collaborations with other disciplines (e.g. psychology, biology, physics, computer science).
Data Science for Cognitive Neuroscience: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: This course is a Data Science connector course and may only be taken concurrently with or after COMPSCI C8/INFO C8/STAT C8

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2 hours of lecture and 1 hour of laboratory per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 98 Supervised Group Study 1 - 3 Units

Terms offered: Spring 2016, Fall 2015, Spring 2015
Group study of selected topics. Enrollment restricted. See Introduction to Courses and Curriculum section of this catalog.
Supervised Group Study: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit without restriction.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 1-3 hours of directed group study per week

Summer: 6 weeks - 1-7.5 hours of directed group study per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Offered for pass/not pass grade only. Final exam not required.

PSYCH 99 Supervised Independent Study and Research 1 - 3 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2013, Fall 2012, Spring 2012
Intended for freshmen and sophomores who wish to undertake a program of individual inquiry on a topic in psychology.
Supervised Independent Study and Research: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: 1 or consent of instructor and 3.4 GPA or higher

Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit without restriction.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 0 hours of independent study per week

Summer:
6 weeks - 2.5-7.5 hours of independent study per week
8 weeks - 2-6 hours of independent study per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Offered for pass/not pass grade only. Final exam not required.

PSYCH 101 Research and Data Analysis in Psychology 4 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2024, Summer 2024 8 Week Session, Spring 2024
The course will concentrate on hypothesis formulation and testing, tests of significance, analysis of variance (one-way analysis), simple correlation, simple regression, and nonparametric statistics such as chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. Majors intending to be in the honors program must complete 101 by the end of their junior year.
Research and Data Analysis in Psychology: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: 1 and completion of the quantitative prerequisites for the major

Credit Restrictions: Students will not receive credit for Psych 101 after having completed Psych 10 or Psych 101D. Deficient grade in Psych 10 can be replaced with Psych 101. Deficient grade in Psych 101D can be replaced with Psych 101.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 3-5 hours of lecture and 0-2 hours of discussion per week

Summer: 8 weeks - 6-10 hours of lecture and 0-4 hours of discussion per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Alternative to final exam.

PSYCH 101D Data Science for Research Psychology 4 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2019
This Python based course builds upon the inferential and computational thinking skills developed in the Foundations of Data Science course by tying them to the classical statistical and research approaches used in Psychology. Topics include experimental design, control variables, reproducibility in science, probability distributions, parametric vs. non-parametric statistics, hypothesis tests (t-tests, one and two way ANOVA, chi-squared and odds-ratio), linear regression and correlation.

Data Science for Research Psychology: Read More [+]

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Completion of the general psychology prerequisite (1, N1, or W1) and Foundations of Data Science (COMPSCI C8 / INFO C8 / STAT C8). Prospective Psychology majors need to take 101 or 101D to be admitted to the major. Majors intending to be in the honors program must complete 102 by the end of their junior year

Credit Restrictions: Not repeatable. Students will not receive credit for Psych 101D after having completed Psych 10 or Psych 101. Deficient grade in Psych 10 can be replaced with Psych 101D. Deficient grade in Psych 101D can be replaced with Psych 101.

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 3 hours of lecture and 2 hours of laboratory per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Final exam required.

PSYCH 102 Methods for Research in Psychological Sciences 4 Units

Terms offered: Fall 2024, Fall 2023, Fall 2022
The goal of this course is to give students a strong foundation in statistical methodologies prevalent in the psychological sciences, and to prepare them for more advanced and specialized courses in statistics, machine learning, and data science. This course will cover fundamental principles underlying common statistical methods, as well as specific statistical models, largely centered around the General Linear Model, ranging from t-tests to multilevel models. All analyses will be conducted in the statistical programming language R.
Methods for Research in Psychological Sciences: Read More [+]

Objectives & Outcomes

Student Learning Outcomes: Apply a psychological principle to an everyday problem, or take an everyday problem and identify the relevant psychological mechanisms/issues. This learning goal will not be emphasized in the class but students will learn how to formulate a psychological principle in terms of a particular model. This formulation is key to identify how particular problems observed in the student’s everyday life could be analyzed.
Become familiar with research methods used in psychological research, and become proficient in basic concepts of statistical analyses and familiar with more advanced methods in data analyses and modeling. This is the central learning goal of this class.
Develop a thorough understanding of one of the major content areas of psychology (i.e., Social/Personality, Developmental, Clinical, Cognitive, Biological). Although, we might be using examples from different areas of psychology, the student will not gain a major understanding of these content areas in this course.
Develop an understanding of the central questions/issues in contemporary psychology as well as a historical perspective of psychological theories and key empirical data. In this class, students will learn the current approaches in statistical modeling but these will be related to the more traditional statistics that have been used in the field in prior years giving the students a historical perspective.
Develop skills to critically evaluate the presentation of scientific ideas and research in original scientific papers as well as in the popular media. In this course, the students will learn not only how to formulate competing hypothesis and generate the corresponding statistical models but also how to best interpret the results from these quantitative analyses so that they can be communicated in written form in publication format or in spoken form for presentations. These skills are critical for the evaluation of scientific work and conclusions performed by experts in the field and others.
Learn to develop, articulate, and communicate, both orally and in written form, a testable hypothesis, or an argument drawing from an existing body of literature. The students will not make a formal oral presentation during this class but will be asked during lecture and section to orally explain their results and reasoning. The final written project is designed to teach how to write-up quantitative analyses and statistical reasoning within a longer manuscript analyzing a particular question in the field of psychology.
Understand basic concepts that characterize psychology as a field of scientific inquiry, and appreciate the various subfields that form the discipline as well as things that differentiate it from other related disciplines. Scientific enquiry in Social Sciences and in Psychology in particular is based on the formulation of statistical models. Each scientific hypothesis corresponds to a particular model and hypothesis testing involves comparing models in terms of their predictive power. The field of psychology, because of the complexity of the data it attempts to explain relies heavily (and more so that other biological disciplines) on statistical modeling and other quantitative approaches. Students who desire to pursue a scientific career in psychology need to be well trained in these methods.

Rules & Requirements

Prerequisites: Undergraduate Statistics for Psychology (Psych 101). Very basic elements of calculus and linear algebra will be used in the course and re-introduced where relevant. Basic familiarity with R, the programming language, is required

Hours & Format

Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 3 hours of lecture and 1 hour of discussion per week

Additional Details

Subject/Course Level: Psychology/Undergraduate

Grading/Final exam status: Letter grade. Alternative to final exam.